EYRAplex: Human In vitro cytokine release (15‑plex)

Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), also called monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and JE, belongs to the CC chemokine family. CCL2 is secreted by a wide array of cells including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, astrocytes, and osteoblasts. In addition to its chemotactic properties, CCL2 is involved in processes of degranulation, upregulation of receptors, cell survival, and secretion of cytokines. Its presence in multiple tissues has been linked to various diseases such as Alzheimer's, diabetes, tuberculosis, osteoporosis, and cancer where CCL2 plays a role in tumor microenvironment.

CCL3, also known as MIP-1α (Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 alpha), is a chemokine primarily secreted by macrophages, dendritic cells, and activated T cells. Its main role in the immune system is to recruit and activate immune cells, particularly monocytes, lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells, to sites of infection or inflammation. CCL3 also enhances immune responses by promoting cytokine production and facilitating cell-to-cell communication, playing a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunity.

The CCL4 chemokine plays a role in inflammation and chemotaxis. CCL4 is produced by a variety of cells, including monocytes, NK cells, and T cells. It binds to CCR5. This receptor is expressed by T cells and macrophages (among others). CCL4 is involved in the host response to a wide range of pathogens, it's been especially studied in HIV. Furthermore, dysregulation of CCL4 expression has been associated with various pathological conditions, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. CCL4 is also named macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β). 

Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can be secreted by T cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. GM-CSF stimulates the survival and functional activities of myeloid, that is, monocytes, macrophages, DCs, neutrophils, and eosinophils. It also stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of hematological progenitors.

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is the only type II interferon. This proinflammatory cytokine is secreted by activated T cells and NK cells. It activates macrophages and endothelial cells and regulates immune responses by affecting APCs, T cells, and B cells. Production of IFN-γ by helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells is a hallmark of the Th1-type phenotype. Thus, high-level production of IFN-γ is typically associated with effective host defense against intracellular pathogens.

Interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) is a proinflammatory cytokine and inducer of acute phase responses. IL-1ß is produced primarily by monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells after induction by microbes.
 

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is predominantly produced by activated T cells. IL-2 promotes the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of antigen-activated T cells and NK cells. After antigen stimulation, the cytokine also promotes the differentiation of T cells into effector and memory T cells. Therefore IL-2 plays an important role in the body's response to infection. IL-2 is also key to tolerance, as it promotes the differentiation of certain immature T cells into regulatory T cells in the thymus, ultimately preventing autoimmune diseases. 

Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is produced primarily by Th2 cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils. IL-4 was first identified to costimulate B cell growth; the cytokine is essential for B cell secretion of IgE and augments the production of IgG1 in vivo. In addition to regulating B cell growth and immunoglobulin secretion, IL-4 also affects T cells. In vitro, IL-4 promotes T cell growth and can induce cytolytic T cell activity. IL-4 also induces the differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into Th2 cells, which are characterized by their capacity to secrete the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 upon activation, while simultaneously inhibiting the generation of Th1 cells.

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by many different cell types and plays a role in a wide range of functions, such as immune responses, acute-phase reactions, and hematopoiesis. Among other things, it augments antibody production from activated B cells in vitro.

Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by different types of cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS, strongly induce IL-8 production by monocytes.

Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by activated T cells and monocytes. It can modulate the functions of immune responses in both a stimulatory and an inhibitory way. IL-10 is thereby involved in the regulation of immune reactions and inflammatory responses.

Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is, when biologically active, a heterodimer (p70) consisting of two covalently linked subunits, p35 and p40. The p40 subunit is shared with IL-23. IL-12 is produced by antigen-presenting cells, specifically dendritic cells, and macrophages. IL-12 is a proinflammatory cytokine that promotes Th1-type responses by inducing IFN-γ production and enhancing the proliferation and cytotoxicity of NK and T cells.

Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated Th17 (T helper 17) cells and certain cells belonging to the innate immune system. In mice, IL-17 has also been shown to be produced by activated CD8 T cells and γδ T cells. Th17 cells play an important role in autoimmune diseases and protection against bacteria and fungi. IL-17A acts on a broad range of cell types to induce the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and metalloproteinases. As a result, secretion of IL-17A promotes inflammatory responses, which leads to the recruitment of neutrophils, enhancement of antibody production, and activation of T cells. Increased expression of IL-17A is seen in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also associated with asthma, psoriasis, cancer, and transplant rejection.

Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) secretion is induced by IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β. This proinflammatory cytokine is produced by monocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. The interferon gamma-induced protein 10 recruits lymphocytes to sites of infection and increases the expression of MHC class I molecules. In addition to chemotaxis, IP-10 is also involved in the differentiation and activation of peripheral immune cells, regulation of cell growth, apoptosis, and modulation of angiostatic effects. The binding of IP-10 (CXCL10) to the CXCR3 receptor causes the downstream activation of the phospholipase C-dependent pathway, an increase in intracellular calcium production, and actin reorganization. 

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), also known as TNF-α, is produced by many different cell types, e.g., monocytes, macrophages, T cells, and B cells. Among the many effects of TNF-α are protection against bacterial infection, cell growth modulation, immune system regulation, and involvement in septic shock.